Identification of psychological features and development of an assessment tool for event-related psychological distress after experiencing non-traumatic stressful events.
Identification of psychological features and development of an assessment tool for event-related psychological distress after experiencing non-traumatic stressful events.
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Stressful events in daily life that are non-traumatic (e.g., family-, school-, work-, interpersonal-, and health-related problems) frequently cause various mood disturbances.For some people, being exposed to non-traumatic but stressful events could trigger the onset and relapse of mood disorders.Furthermore, non-traumatic stressful events also cause event-related psychological distress (ERPD), similar to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; i.
e., intense intrusive imagery or memory recall, avoidance, and hyperarousal) in the general population and individuals with mood Ball - Bat - Baseball BBCOR disorders.However, previous ERPD studies only showed that people with ERPD display PTSD-like symptoms after non-traumatic experiences; they failed to get to the crux of the matter by only utilizing trauma- or PTSD-related assessment tools.We thus aimed to identify the psychological phenomena and features of ERPD after individuals experienced non-traumatic stressful events, and to develop and validate an appropriate ERPD assessment tool.First, we conducted a qualitative study to obtain the psychological features through interviews with 22 individuals (mean age = 41.
50 years old, SD = 12.24) with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.Second, in the quantitative component, we implemented a web-based survey with 747 participants of the general population (mean age = 41.96 Kenwood Wire Harness years old, SD = 12.64) by using ERPD-related questionnaires created based on the qualitative study; then, we examined the reliability and validity of the ERPD assessment tool.
Results yielded that the psychological features of ERPD comprised four factors: feelings of revenge, rumination, self-denial, and mental paralysis.These were utilized in the developed 24-item measure of ERPD-a novel self-report assessment tool.For various professionals involved in mental healthcare, this tool can be used to clarify and assess psychological phenomena in people with ERPD.